Analysis of government agricultural food security pack programme: the case of Mpulungu District, Northern Province, Zambia
Royd, Tembo
This study investigated the effects, capacity, and challenges of the food security pack
programme in Mpulungu district, Northern Province, Zambia. The primary sources of data
were farm household surveys, focus group discussions, key informant interviews and
observations. The study used a mixed-method research design. The study sampled 147 food
security pack beneficiaries and 152 non-beneficiaries, two government officials, four area
food security pack committees and a combined group of agro-dealers and NGOs using a
simple random and purposive procedure. Quantitative and qualitative data were analysed
using SPSS and thematic/content analysis, respectively.
The results showed that the majority, 66 percent, of the beneficiaries cultivated a quarter to
half a hectare compared to the non-beneficiaries, whose majority 61 percent cultivated less
than a quarter hectare. Similarly, the majority, 70.1 percent, of the beneficiaries harvested
more than 20 (50kg) bags of maize grain on average, per 0.25 hectares of land compared to
eight percent of the non-beneficiaries for the three farming seasons reviewed. The
independent samples test revealed that the land cultivated by the beneficiaries had a larger
mean (M ₌ 2.00) than the land cultivated by the non-beneficiaries (M ₌ 1.59). Also, the maize
crop productivity by the beneficiaries had a larger mean (M ₌ 4.25) than the maize crop
productivity by the non-beneficiaries (M ₌ 2.45).
The above pattern of results was similar to those analysed on the amount of land cultivated
and maize crop harvested before and after the beneficiaries had access to the programme
during the same period of review. The majority, 66 percent, of the beneficiaries cultivated a
quarter to half a hectare while the majority, 85.7 percent, cultivated less than a quarter hectare
before being introduced to the programme. Correspondingly, 70.1 percent of the beneficiaries
harvested more than 20 (50kg) bags of maize grain on average, per 0.25 hectares of land
compared to 7.5 percent that harvested the same quantity of maize crop on the same size of a
piece of land before accessing the programme. The paired samples test showed that the land
cultivated after the beneficiaries’ access to the programme had a higher mean (M ₌ 2.00) than the land cultivated before access (M ₌ 1.18). Also, the maize crop productivity after the
beneficiaries’ access to the programme had a higher mean (M ₌ 4.25) than before access (M ₌
1.71).
The study also revealed that, despite the food security pack beneficiaries having cultivated
more land and harvested more maize crop than the non-beneficiaries, there were challenges
that they faced during the programme implementation. Unpredictable rainfall, political
interference, and late receipt of the farming inputs were some of the major challenges that the
beneficiaries encountered.
The study concludes that the food security pack programme had a significant positive effect
on land cultivation as well as maize crop production as established by both the independent
and paired samples tests’ mean results that had Cohen’s d estimated at 0.6 and 1.5,
respectively.
To address the identified challenges, the study recommends the following: intensification of
agricultural research to develop all-weather varieties of seed crops; development of stringent
programme guidelines to curb political interference in the selection process of beneficiaries;
and decentralisation of the supply of the farming inputs to district level for timely delivery to
the beneficiaries, among others. On the positive effect of the programme, an increase in the
ceiling of the beneficiaries from the current 300 households is proposed. These
recommendations can be used as a foundation for effective strategy design and
implementation of agricultural food security programmes in Zambia.; Lolu cwaningo luphenye imiphumela kanye namandla ohlelo lwamaphakethe okuphepha
kokudla esifundeni saseMpulungu, esifundazweni saseNyakatho, eZambia, kanye nezinselelo
okuhlangatshezwane nazo kulolu hlelo. Imithombo eyinhloko yemininingwane
kwakuyizinhlolovo zasekhaya zasepulazini, izingxoxo zeqembu labantu abahlangene
ukubamba iqhaza engxoxweni ngomkhiqizo ngaphambi kokuthi wethulwe, izingxoxo
ezibalulekile ezinolwazi kanye nokuhlolwa. Kwasetshenziswa ukusungulwa kwecebo
locwaningo oluxubile lwezindlela esifundweni. Bangu-147 abantu abazuze ngamaphakethe
okuphepha kokudla kanye nabangu-152 abangazuzanga, izikhulu ezimbili zikahulumeni,
amakomidi amane wamaphakethe okuphepha kokudla endaweni kanye neqembu elihlangene
labathengisi bezolimo kanye nezinhlangano ezingenzi nzuzo zenziwa amasampula
kusetshenziswa izinqubo ezilula ezingahleliwe nezinhloso. Imininingwane eveza inani elithile
noma ububanzi nechaza izimfanelo yahlaziywa kusetshenziswa isetshenziselwe Ukuhlaziywa
Kwemininingwane Yezibalo yeSayensi Yezenhlalakahle (SPSS) kanye nendlela yokuhlaziya
imininingwane yekhwalithi / okuqukethwe, ngokulandelana.
Imiphumela ikhombise ukuthi iningi (amaphesenti angama-66) labazuzi belilime ikota kuya
kuhhafu wendawo elingana nesikwele nezinhlangothi zamamitha ayi-100 yomhlaba ngenkathi
iningi (amaphesenti angama-61) labangebona abazuzi belilime ngaphansi kwendawo elingana
nesikwele nezinhlangothi zamamitha ayi-100 zomhlaba. Ngokunjalo, iningi labazuzi
(amaphesenti angama-70.1%), kuqhathaniswa namaphesenti ayisishiyagalombili alabo
abangazuzi, lase livune izikhwama ezingaphezu kuka-20 (amakhilogramu angama-50)
zommbila ngokwesilinganiso esingu-0.25 sendawo elingana nesikwele nezinhlangothi
zamamitha ayi-100 zomhlaba maqondana nezinkathi ezintathu zokulima ezibuyekeziwe.
Ukuhlolwa kwamasampula okuzimele kuveze ukuthi umhlaba olinywe ngabazuzi
unesilinganiso esikhulu (M ₌ 2.00) kunomhlaba olinywe ngabangazuzi (M ₌ 1.59). Futhi,
umkhiqizo wezitshalo zommbila otholwe ngabazuzi unesilinganiso esikhulu (M ₌ 4.25)
kunomkhiqizo wezitshalo zommbila otholwe yilabo abangazuzi (M ₌ 2.45).
Le ndlela engenhla yemiphumela ibifana nemiphumela ehlaziyiwe maqondana nenani
lomhlaba olinyiwe nommbila ovunwe ngaphambi nangemva kokwethulwa kwabazuzi
ohlelweni ngesikhathi esifanayo sokubuyekeza. Bangamaphesenti angama-66 abantu
abazuzile abebelime umhlaba oyikota nohafu wendawo elingana nesikwele nezinhlangothi
zamamitha ayi-100 kanti amaphesenti angama-85 abelime umhlaba ongaphansi ngekota
lendawo elingana nesikwele nezinhlangothi zamamitha ayi-100 ngaphambi kokuba bethulwe
ohlelweni. Ngokunjalo, amaphesenti angama-70.1 abazuzi babevunile amasaka angaphezu
kwama-20 (amakhilogramu angama-50) okusanhlamvu wommbila ngokwesilinganiso esingu 0.25 sendawo elingana nesikwele nezinhlangothi zamamitha ayi-100 zomhlaba,
kuqhathaniswa namaphesenti angama-7.5 abebevunile inani elifanayo lezitshalo zommbila
ngosayizi ofanayo womhlaba ngaphambi kokuba bethulwe ohlelweni. Ukuhlolwa
kwamasampula okubhanqiwe kukhombisile ukuthi umhlaba olinywe ngemuva kokungena
kwabazuzi kulolu hlelo lube nesilingansio esiphezulu (M ₌ 2.00) kunomhlaba olinywe
ngaphambi kokungena kwabo (M ₌ 1.18). Futhi, umkhiqizo wezitshalo zommbila ngemuva
kokungena kwabazuzi kulolu hlelo lube nesilingansio esiphezulu (M ₌ 4.25) kunomkhiqizo
wezitshalo zommbila ngaphambi kokungena kwabo (M ₌ 1.71).
Ucwaningo luphinde lwembula ukuthi, yize abazuzi bamapakethe okuphepha kokudla
bebelime umhlaba omningi futhi bavuna isitshalo sommbila esiningi kunalabo abangazuzi,
babhekane nezinselelo ezithile ngesikhathi kwenziwa uhlelo njengokunqunyiwe. Imvula
ebingalindelekile, ukugxambukela kwezombusazwe kanye nokuthola sekwedlule isikhathi
okokufaka kwezolimo ngezinye zezingqinamba ezinkulu abazuzi abahlangabezana nazo.
Ucwaningo luphetha ngokuthi uhlelo lwamaphakethe okuphepha kokudla lube nomthelela
omuhle ekulimeni umhlaba nasekukhiqizeni isitshalo sommbila, njengoba kukhonjisiwe
yimiphumela yesilinganiso yomibili yamasampula esivivinyo esizimele kanye nesivivinyo
samasampula abhanqiwe, lapho uCohen's d alinganisela ku-0.6 no-1.5, ngokulandelana.
Ukubhekana nezinselelo ezikhonjiwe maqondana nohlelo lwamaphakethe okuphepha
kokudla, kuphakanyiswa lezi zinyathelo ezilandelayo ocwaningweni: ukuqiniswa kocwaningo
kwezolimo ukuthuthukisa izinhlobo zezulu zonke zezitshalo zembewu; ukwenziwa
kwemihlahlandlela yohlelo olunzima ukunqanda ukugxambukela kwezombusazwe
ekukhethweni kwabazuzayo; kanye nokudluliswa kokulawulwa kokuhlinzekwa kokufakwa
kwezolimo ezingeni lesifunda ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukulethwa ngesikhathi esifanele kwalezo
zinhlinzeko kubazuzi bohlelo, phakathi kokunye. Ukwenza ngcono imiphumela emihle yalolu
hlelo, kuphakanyiswa ukwanda kokukhuphuka ezingeni lenhlangano yize kunemikhawulo
engashiwongo evimbela intuthuko yabazuzi emindenini yamanje engama-300. Lezi
ziphakamiso zingasetshenziswa njengesisekelo esisebenzayo sokusungula kwamasu
nokwenza njengokunqunyiwe maqondana nezinhlelo zokuphepha kokudla kwezolimo
eZambia.; Esi sifundo saphanda ngefuthe namandla enkqubo yokufumaneka kweepakethe zokutya
kwisithili saseMpulungu, kwiphondo eliseMantla, eZambia, kunye nemingeni eyavelela le
nkqubo. Imithombo yokuqala yolwazi yaba ziintlolomvo zamakhaya asezifama, amaqela
engxoxo, iindliwano ndlebe nabanolwazi kunye nokuqwalasela. Kwasetyenziswa iindlela
zophando ezixubeneyo, kwenziwa isampulu yabantu abanikwa iipakethe zokutya abali-147,
nabangazange banikwe abali-152, amagosa karhulumente amabini, iikomiti zengingqi ezine
nezijongene neepakethe zokutya kwakunye neqela elixubeneyo loosomashishini bezolimo
namaqumrhu angasebenzeli ngeniso. Isampulu yakhethwa ngokuxuba iinkqubo
ezingacwangciswanga Iinkcukacha zolwazi ezivele ngobuninzi bamanani nangokuzathuza
zahlalutywa kusetyenziswa indlela yohlalutyo ekuthiwa yiStatistical Package for the Social
Sciences (SPSS) kunye nohlalutyo lwemixholo/lweziqulatho.
Iziphumo zabonakalisa ukuba uninzi (66 ekhulwini) lwabantu abafumana iipakethe zokutya
babelima malunga nekota ukuya kwisiqingatha sehektare yomhlaba lo gama uninzi (61
ekhulwini) lwabangafumani pakethe zokutya lwalulima ngaphantsi kwekota yehektare
yomhlaba. Ngokunjalo, uninzi (70.1 ekhulwini) lwabafumana iipakethe zokutya,
kuthelekiswa nesibhozo ekhulwini sabangafumani pakethe zokutya, lwavuna ngaphezulu
kwamashumi amabini (50 kg) zombona kwi 0.25 yehektare kumaxesha okulima amathathu
awayeqwalaselwe. Iimvavanyo ezizimeleyo nezizisampulu zadiza ukuba umhlaba olinywa
ngabafumana iipakethe zokutya wawunomyinge ongumndilili ongaphezulu (M ₌ 2.00)
kunalowo wabangafumani pakethe zokutya (M ₌ 1.59). Kwakhona, ukuvelisa kwembewu
yombona okwazuzwa ngabafumana iipakethe zokutya kwakunomyinge ongumndilili
ongaphezulu (M ₌ 4.25) kunalowo wabangafumani pakethe zokutya (M ₌ 2.45).
Le pateni yeziphumo ingentla yafana neziphumo ezahlalutywa malunga nobungakanani
bomhlaba owawulinyiwe nesivuno sombona esasifunyewe ngaphambi nasemva
kokungeniswa kwabafumana iipakethe zokutya kule nkqubo. Ama-66 ekhulwini abo
bafumana iipakethe zokutya balima ikota ukuya kwisiqingatha sehektare yomhlaba kanti ama
85.7 ekhulwini alima ngaphantsi kwekota yehektare yomhlaba phambi kokuba bangene kule
nkqubo. Ngokunjalo, ama-70.1 ekhulwini abo bafumana iipakethe zokutya avuna ngaphezu
kweengxowa zombona ezingama-20 (50 kg) kwisithuba se-0.25 sehektare yomhlaba, lo gama
isi-7.5 ekhulwini savuna kwalo myinge ulinganayo kumhlaba olinganayo phambi kokuba
bangene kule nkqubo. Uvavanyo lweesampulu ezithelekiswa ngokwezibini lwabonisa ukuba
umhlaba olinywe emva kokungena enkqubeni kwabafumana iipakethe zokutya
wawunomndilili ongaphezulu (M ₌ 2.00) kunalowo womhlaba olinywe phambi kokungena
enkqubeni (M ₌ 1.18). Kwakhona, ukuvelisa kwembewu yombona emva kokungena
enkqubeni kwabafumana iipakethe zokutya kwaba nomndilili ongaphezulu (M ₌ 4.25) kunoko
kwakuveliswa ngaphambi kokungena enkqubeni (M ₌ 1.71).
Isifundo saphinda sadiza ukuba abafumana iipakethe zokutya babelime, bavuna umbona
ongaphezu kwalowo wabo bangafumani pakethe zokutya, bajamelana nemingeni ngexesha
lokuqhubeka kwale nkqubo. Ukungaqiniseki ngexesha lokuna kwemvula, ukugxuphuleka
kwezopolitiko kokufika kade kwezibonelelo zolimo yayiyeminye imingeni ephambili
abajongana nayo abafumana iipakethe zokutya.
Isifundo sagqibela ngelithi inkqubo yokufumaneka kweepakethe zokutya yayinefuthe elihle
ekulinyweni komhlaba nasekuvelisweni kwesivuno sombona, njengoko wabonisa umndilili
weziphumo zovavanyo oluzimeleyo nolwezibini, apho iCohen’s d yayiqikelelwa kwi- 0.6
nakwi-1.5.
Ekuhlangabezaneni nemingeni yenkqubo yokufumaneka kweepakethe zokutya, kucetyiswa la
manyathelo alandelayo kwesi sifundo: makuqiniswe uphando kwezolimo ukwenzela ukuba
kuveliswe iimbewu ezilungele nayiphi na imozulu; makuqulunqwe izikhokelo zenkqubo
ezingqongqo zokuthintela ukugxuphuleka kwezopolitiko xa kukhethwa abantu abafumana
iipakethe zokutya; kwaye mazingakhutshwa kwindawo enye izibonelelo zolimo, koko maziye
kwizithili ukwenzela ukuba zifike kwangethuba kwabo bafumana iipakethe zokutya.
Ukwandisa ifuthe elihle lale nkqubo, kucetyiswa ukuba longezwe inani lamakhaya afumana
iipakethe zokutya, libe ngaphezulu kula ma-300 anikwayo ngoku. Ezi ngcebiso
zinokusetyenziswa njengesiseko sokuqulunqa icebo lobulumko neliya kusetyenziswa
kwiinkqubo zokufumaneka kweepakethe zokutya eZambia.
Includes summary in English, isiZulu and isiXhosa
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